Content
This lesson tackles about
the history and ICT revolution which takes us out from our curiosity to where
educational technology came from. This lesson would also trace the people and
the dates involved in its history and its revolution.
Educational technology in
way could be traced back to the emergence of very early tools, e.g., paintings
on cave walls. But usually its history is made to start with educational film
(1900's) or Sidney Pressey's mechanical teaching machines in the 1920. Skinners
work led to "programmed instruction" focusing on the formulation of
behavioral objectives, breaking instructional content into small units and
rewarding correct responses early and often. Advocating a mastery approach to
learning based on his taxonomy of intellectual behaviors, Bloom endorsed
instructional techniques that varied both instruction and time according to
learner requirements. Models based on these designs were usually referred to as
computer-based training" (CBT), Computer-aided instruction or computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in the 1970's through the 1990's. In addition to classroom
enhancement, learning technologies also play a major role in full-time distance
teaching. While most quality offers still rely on paper, videos and occasional
CBT/CBL materials, there is increased use of e-tutoring through forums, instant
messaging, video-conferencing etc.
The 2000's emergence of
multiple mobile and ubiquitous technologies gave a new impulse to situated
learning theories favoring learning-in-context scenarios. Some
literature uses the concept of integrated learning to describe blended
learning scenarios that integrate both school and authentic (e.g., workplace)
settings.
Revolution 1: The Computer
The first revolution started during
World War II, with the first large, automatic, general electromechanical
calculator, Harvard Mark 1. “Computers”
became a new catchword, and input-output technology graduated from punch cards
to magnetic tape, faster printers, and more languages for programming. Applications
also were expanded, from use in academic
research to weather forecasting, from airline ticketing to accounting.
This development continues; the first ICT revolution is still under way.
Revolution 2: The PC
The second ICT revolution has its roots
in the 1970s, when the first “processors on a chip” and magnetic discs were constructed.
But as late as 1977, Ken Olson, the legendary president of the computer
company, Digital, stated: “There is no reason anyone would want a computer in
their home.” He was definitely wrong. In the same year, Steve Jobs and Steve Wosniak
started to sell their Apple II, and Bill Gates and Paul Allen had already
founded a firm called Microsoft. This second ICT revolution continues like the
first: the capacities of the machines increase, their applications expand, and the
number of people who use them multiplies.
Revolution 3: The Microprocessor
The third ICT revolution is that
microprocessors have become embedded in an ever-widening range of products: the
steering systems of airplanes, the control panels of hydroelectric power
stations, domestic air conditioning systems, the traffic lights in our streets.
Revolution 4: The Internet
The fourth ICT revolution stretches back
to the late 1960s,when the U.S. Department of Defense drew up guidelines for a
communication network among computers (ARPANET). After a while, universities in
and outside the United States were hooked up to it, and some started to use it
to send messages. This fourth ICT
revolution continues like the others as more and more computers are interlinked
with an ever-growing number of “servers” and an expanding range of
applications.
Revolution 5: Wireless Links
The fifth ICT revolution was linking
without lines—the new possibilities opened by mobile phones. At first, they
were big and bulky. Reduction in size and weight was accompanied by expansion
of reach and functions, and miniaturization was accompanied by
multifunctionality. Mobile phones could be used not just for talking, but also
to exchange messages, receive news or stock exchange quotes, review
restaurants, or order movie tickets. Linking without lines now takes place not
just intercontinentally via satellites, but also via high frequency short-range
radio transmitters.
Experience
I didn’t know not
until I had a computer class that I’ve been using the oldest kind of computer
and that was the abacus which in my time was already used as a toy. And I
myself also experienced the ICT revolution from my mobile phones with antenna
to android phones, personal computers to laptop and tablets, from Bluetooth to
shareit and different sharing applications. There is indeed a big difference
and ofcourse the great difference and revolution was used for the better.
Reflection
The impact of ICT
revolution is really great. It helps not just the economy of a certain country
but it also has a great effect in the education settings. When I traced back
its history with this lesson, all I could say is that the ICT revolution is
fast-pacing. With the help of brilliant minds of the creators, they produce the
newest, latest and hi-tech version of their own products which makes me a
little bit scared if I could be able to go with the trend. But as a future
teacher, I must cope up with the changes.
Application
Everything today
functions because of technology. In the educational setting, it serves as an
aid to teachers as well as to the students in the teaching-learning process to
occur effectively. With technology, everything you wanted to know and to do is
on hand and is just one click away. It makes everything easier and faster with
no questions on its quality. Tracing back its history would help both the
teacher and students to appreciate its revolution and widen their knowledge.
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